Traditional use: Widely used by Native American peoples and early American settlers to treat influenza, fevers, and the deep bone pain associated with "breakbone fever"; also used for coughs, colds, and constipation. 

Potential benefits: Preliminary research suggests immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and diaphoretic (sweat-inducing) properties; polysaccharides may stimulate white blood cell activity, supporting immune response during acute illness. 

Warnings: Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)—linked to liver toxicity with prolonged use; avoid in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and liver disease; high doses cause nausea and vomiting; short-term use only under practitioner guidance.