Traditional use. Used since ancient Greek and Roman times as a diuretic and circulatory remedy; traditionally prescribed for varicose veins, haemorrhoids, oedema, and venous insufficiency, and as a mild laxative for sluggish bowel function. 

Potential benefits Steroidal saponins (ruscogenins) strengthen and tone venous walls, reduce capillary permeability, and exert mild vasoconstrictive effects; clinical trials support its use for chronic venous insufficiency, leg heaviness, swelling, and haemorrhoids. 

Warnings: Avoid in pregnancy and hypertension due to vasoconstrictive effects; may cause nausea or gastric discomfort in sensitive individuals; use with caution alongside alpha-blocker medications and antihyperten